Tools and Techniques Print

Many of the tools from the anti-corruption movement are applicable to defence.  However, defence does have particular features, such as confidentiality and the highly technical nature of the sector, which mean that anti-corruption tools and techniques need to be appropriately modified.  The defence team is seeking to develop tools and techniques that are usable in a defence environment, and is testing them out with reform minded countries and companies. In addition, organisations such as NATO

have a range of techniques for improving governance and transparency in defence establishments.  Other international organisations such as the World Bank, with their group supporting conflict countries, the EU, the OSCE, and OECD have relevant expertise.  Think tanks such as the Geneva Centre for Democratic Control of the Armed Forces (DCAF) and the Geneva Centre for Security Policy (GCSP) are also working in the closely related area of Security Sector Reform. In recent years, the UK's Department for International Development has been playing an increasing role in Security Sector Reform in developing countries.

The main tools being used in Transparency International's defence programme include tools for governments, tools for companies, and tools for civil society:

1. Tools for Governments

  • Independent procurement reviews of the defence procurement organisation and performance.
  • Support for developing an anti-corruption plan for the defence ministry and the armed forces.
  • Guidance on appropriate standards of business conduct for officers and officials.
  • Methods to engage with national civil society and parliament to increase transparency, such as the use of ‘Roundtables’.
  • Self-assessment process for use by defence establishments.
  • Development of training modules for senior defence officials.
  • Implementing Defence Integrity Pacts on major defence procurements.
  • Strengthening independent monitoring of defence activities

2. Tools for companies

  • Industry wide forum for leveraging industry appetite to effect change.
  • Transparency International’s ‘Business principles for countering bribery’, and detailed guidance document, self assessment tool, and other associated material.
  • The Common Industry Standards developed by the Aerospace and Defence Associations of Europe.
  • Sample Defence Integrity Pacts document that companies can propose to governments.


3. Tools for civil society and parliamentarians engaging with the defence sector

  • Template documents to govern the operation of a Defence Integrity pact.
  • Support and assistance with the tools and techniques outlined above.
  • Assistance with finding independent technical experts.
  • Acting as technical experts to back up an Independent Monitor.
  • Database of recent defence bribery and corruption cases in the media.